Porto Conte Ricerche

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https://hdl.handle.net/11050/3

Porto Conte Ricerche è uno dei motori del Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna, attivo in ambiti tecnologici tra loro complementari: biomarker discovery, sistemi diagnostici e biotecnologie applicate per l’alimentazione e per la salute.

Il Centro di Ricerca sviluppa ed eroga servizi ad alto contenuto tecnologico a favore di imprese impegnate nell’innovazione dei propri sistemi produttivi attraverso attività di ricerca industriale e sviluppo sperimentale.

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A Genome-Wide Association Scan on the Levels of Markers of Inflammation in Sardinians Reveals Associations That Underpin Its Complex Regulation
(Public Library of Science, 2012-01-26) Naitza, Silvia; Porcu, Eleonora; Steri, Maristella; Taub, Dennis Daniel; Mulas, Antonella; Xiao, Xiang; Strait, James; Dei, Mariano; Lai, Sandra; Busonero, Fabio; Maschio, Andrea; Usala, Gianluca; Zoledziewska, Magdalena; Sidore, Carlo; Zara, Ilenia; Pitzalis, Maristella; Loi, Alessia; Virdis, Francesca; Piras, Roberta; Deidda, Francesca; Whalen, Michael B.; Crisponi, Laura; Concas, Antonio; Podda, Carlo; Uzzau, Sergio; Scheet, Paul; Longo, Dan L.; Lakatta, Edward; Abecasis, Gonçalo; Cao, Antonio; Schlessinger, David; Uda, Manuela; Sanna, Serena; Cucca, Francesco
Identifying the genes that influence levels of pro-inflammatory molecules can help to elucidate the mechanisms underlying this process. We first conducted a two-stage genome-wide association scan (GWAS) for the key inflammatory biomarkers Interleukin-6 (IL-6), the general measure of inflammation erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) in a large cohort of individuals from the founder population of Sardinia. By analysing 731,213 autosomal or X chromosome SNPs and an additional ,1.9 million imputed variants in 4,694 individuals, we identified several SNPs associated with the selected quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and replicated all the top signals in an independent sample of 1,392 individuals from the same population. Next, to increase power to detect and resolve associations, we further genotyped the whole cohort (6,145 individuals) for 293,875 variants included on the ImmunoChip and MetaboChip custom arrays. Overall, our combined approach led to the identification of 9 genome-wide significant novel independent signals—5 of which were identified only with the custom arrays—and provided confirmatory evidence for an additional 7. Novel signals include: for IL-6, in the ABO gene (rs657152, p = 2.13610229); for ESR, at the HBB (rs4910472, p = 2.31610211) and UCN119B/SPPL3 (rs11829037, p = 8.91610210) loci; for MCP-1, near its receptor CCR2 (rs17141006, p = 7.53610213) and in CADM3 (rs3026968, p = 7.63610213); for hsCRP, within the CRP gene (rs3093077, p = 5.73610221), near DARC (rs3845624, p = 1.43610210), UNC119B/SPPL3 (rs11829037, p = 1.50610214), and ICOSLG/AIRE (rs113459440, p = 1.54610208) loci. Confirmatory evidence was found for IL-6 in the IL- 6R gene (rs4129267); for ESR at CR1 (rs12567990) and TMEM57 (rs10903129); for MCP-1 at DARC (rs12075); and for hsCRP at CRP (rs1205), HNF1A (rs225918), and APOC-I (rs4420638). Our results improve the current knowledge of genetic variants underlying inflammation and provide novel clues for the understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating this complex process.
A straightforward and efficient analytical pipeline for metaproteome characterization
(BioMed Central, 2014-12-10) Tanca, Alessandro; Palomba, Antonio; Pisanu, Salvatore; Deligios, Massimo; Fraumene, Cristina; Manghina, Valeria; Pagnozzi, Daniela; Addis, Maria Filippa; Uzzau, Sergio
Background: The massive characterization of host-associated and environmental microbial communities has represented a real breakthrough in the life sciences in the last years. In this context, metaproteomics specifically enables the transition from assessing the genomic potential to actually measuring the functional expression of a microbiome. However, significant research efforts are still required to develop analysis pipelines optimized for metaproteome characterization. Results: This work presents an efficient analytical pipeline for shotgun metaproteomic analysis, combining bead-beating/freeze-thawing for protein extraction, filter-aided sample preparation for cleanup and digestion, and single-run liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for peptide separation and identification. The overall procedure is more time-effective and less labor-intensive when compared to state-of-the-art metaproteomic techniques. The pipeline was first evaluated using mock microbial mixtures containing different types of bacteria and yeasts, enabling the identification of up to over 15,000 non-redundant peptide sequences per run with a linear dynamic range from 104 to 108 colony-forming units. The pipeline was then applied to the mouse fecal metaproteome, leading to the overall identification of over 13,000 non-redundant microbial peptides with a false discovery rate of <1%, belonging to over 600 different microbial species and 250 functionally relevant protein families. An extensive mapping of the main microbial metabolic pathways actively functioning in the gut microbiome was also achieved. Conclusions: The analytical pipeline presented here may be successfully used for the in-depth and time-effective characterization of complex microbial communities, such as the gut microbiome, and represents a useful tool for the microbiome research community.
An Easy and Efficient Method for Native and Immunoreactive Echinococcus granulosus Antigen 5 Enrichment from Hydatid Cyst Fluid
(Public Library of Science, 2014-08-13) Pagnozzi, Daniela; Biosa, Grazia; Addis, Maria Filippa; Mastrandrea, Scilla; Masala, Giovanna; Uzzau, Sergio
Background: Currently, the serodiagnosis of cystic echinococcosis relies mostly on crude Echinococcus granulosus hydatid cyst fluid as the antigen. Consequently, available immunodiagnostic tests lack standardization of the target antigen and, in turn, this is reflected on poor sensitivity and specificity of the serological diagnosis. Methodology/Principal Findings: Here, a chromatographic method enabling the generation of highly enriched Antigen 5 (Ag5) is described. The procedure is very easy, efficient and reproducible, since different hydatid cyst fluid (HCF) sources produced very similar chromatograms, notwithstanding the clearly evident and extreme heterogeneity of the starting material. In addition, the performance of the antigen preparation in immunological assays was preliminarily assessed by western immunoblotting and ELISA on a limited panel of cystic echinococcosis patients and healthy controls. Following western immunoblotting and ELISA experiments, a high reactivity of patient sera was seen, with unambiguous and highly specific results. Conclusions/Significance: The methods and results reported open interesting perspectives for the development of sensitive diagnostic tools to enable the timely and unambiguous detection of cystic echinococcosis antibodies in patient sera.
Biosensori per sistemi diagnostici
(2009-05) Porto Conte Ricerche
Il progetto, inserito all’interno del programma strategico "Biotecnologie applicate all'agroalimentare ed alla zootecnia", ha l'obiettivo di mettere a punto nuove strategie sintetiche per realizzare biosensori e nano-biosensori che rilevino la presenza di biomarcatori in campioni biologici di origine animale e vegetale. Il progetto è realizzato grazie al supporto tecnico delle piattaforme tecnologiche di Porto Conte Ricerche.
Caratterizzazione e shelf life di birre prodotte in microbirrifici e birrerie artigianali
(2008-03) Porto Conte Ricerche
Il progetto è finalizzato allo sviluppo di risorse e conoscenze a favore delle imprese operanti nel settore della produzione delle birre crude artigianali in Sardegna. L'obiettivo principale del progetto consiste nello studio delle materie prime utilizzate nella produzione delle birre crude di produzione artigianale e dei processi produttivi allo scopo di migliorarne la shelf life. La parte sperimentale prevede: la caratterizzazione e lo studio delle materie prime; lo studio della shelf life attuale attraverso analisi di tipo microbiologico, chimico e sensoriale; il miglioramento della shelf life attraverso modificazioni nei processi tecnologici. Il progetto prevede inoltre attività di formazione teorica e pratica del personale delle imprese aderenti. ll programma si propone come progetto di trasferimento tecnologico per imprese di trasformazione e commercializzazione del settore birraio. Verranno predisposti incontri per l’educazione alla degustazione ed al riconoscimento delle caratteristiche sensoriali dei prodotti.
Critical comparison of sample preparation strategies for shotgun proteomic analysis of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples
(2014-10-06) Abbondio, Marcello; Tanca, Alessandro; Pisanu, Salvatore; Uzzau, Sergio; Pagnozzi, Daniela; Addis, Maria Filippa
Introduction and objectives. The growing field of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue proteomics holds promise for improving translational research. Worldwide archival tissue banks hold a significant number and variety of tissue samples, as well as a wealth of retrospective information regarding diagnosis, prognosis, and response to therapy. This makes them an important resource for protein biomarker discovery and validation. Direct tissue trypsinization (DT) and protein extraction followed by in solution digestion (ISD) or filter-aided sample preparation (FASP) are the most common workflows for shotgun LC-MS/MS analysis of FFPE samples, but a critical comparison of the different methods is currently lacking. Methods DT was preceded by homogenization in ammonium bicarbonate, while ISD and FASP comprised protein extraction in SDS based-buffer, followed by SDS depletion with Detergent Removal Spin Columns and Microcon Ultracel YM-30 filtration devices, respectively. The three workflows were applied to consecutive tissue sections cut from an FFPE liver tissue block, and peptide mixtures were finally analyzed according to a label-free quantitative MS approach. Data were evaluated in terms of method reproducibility and protein/peptide distribution according to localization, MW, pI and hydrophobicity. Results and Discussion. DT showed lower reproducibility, good preservation of high-MW proteins, a general bias towards hydrophilic and acidic proteins, much lower keratin contamination, as well as higher abundance of non tryptic peptides. Conversely, FASP and ISD proteomes were depleted in high-MW proteins and enriched in hydrophobic and membrane proteins; FASP provided higher identification yields, while ISD exhibited higher reproducibility. Conclusion. These results highlight that diverse sample preparation strategies provide significantly different proteomic information, and present typical biases that should be taken into account when dealing with FFPE samples. When a sufficient amount of tissue is available, the complementary use of different methods is suggested to increase proteome coverage and depth.
Critical comparison of sample preparation strategies for shotgun proteomic analysis of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples: insights from liver tissue
(BioMed Central, 2014-07-08) Tanca, Alessandro; Abbondio, Marcello; Pisanu, Salvatore; Pagnozzi, Daniela; Uzzau, Sergio; Addis, Maria Filippa
Background: The growing field of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue proteomics holds promise for improving translational research. Direct tissue trypsinization (DT) and protein extraction followed by in solution digestion (ISD) or filter-aided sample preparation (FASP) are the most common workflows for shotgun analysis of FFPE samples, but a critical comparison of the different methods is currently lacking. Experimental design: DT, FASP and ISD workflows were compared by subjecting to the same label-free quantitative approach three independent technical replicates of each method applied to FFPE liver tissue. Data were evaluated in terms of method reproducibility and protein/peptide distribution according to localization, MW, pI and hydrophobicity. Results: DT showed lower reproducibility, good preservation of high-MW proteins, a general bias towards hydrophilic and acidic proteins, much lower keratin contamination, as well as higher abundance of non-tryptic peptides. Conversely, FASP and ISD proteomes were depleted in high-MW proteins and enriched in hydrophobic and membrane proteins; FASP provided higher identification yields, while ISD exhibited higher reproducibility. Conclusions: These results highlight that diverse sample preparation strategies provide significantly different proteomic information, and present typical biases that should be taken into account when dealing with FFPE samples. When a sufficient amount of tissue is available, the complementary use of different methods is suggested to increase proteome coverage and depth.
Evaluating the Impact of Different Sequence Databases on Metaproteome Analysis: Insights from a Lab-Assembled Microbial Mixture
(Public Library of Science, 2013-12-09) Tanca, Alessandro; Palomba, Antonio; Deligios, Massimo; Cubeddu, Tiziana; Fraumene, Cristina; Biosa, Grazia; Pagnozzi, Daniela; Addis, Maria Filippa; Uzzau, Sergio
Metaproteomics enables the investigation of the protein repertoire expressed by complex microbial communities. However, to unleash its full potential, refinements in bioinformatic approaches for data analysis are still needed. In this context, sequence databases selection represents a major challenge. This work assessed the impact of different databases in metaproteomic investigations by using a mock microbial mixture including nine diverse bacterial and eukaryotic species, which was subjected to shotgun metaproteomic analysis. Then, both the microbial mixture and the single microorganisms were subjected to next generation sequencing to obtain experimental metagenomic- and genomic-derived databases, which were used along with public databases (namely, NCBI, UniProtKB/SwissProt and UniProtKB/TrEMBL, parsed at different taxonomic levels) to analyze the metaproteomic dataset. First, a quantitative comparison in terms of number and overlap of peptide identifications was carried out among all databases. As a result, only 35% of peptides were common to all database classes; moreover, genus/species-specific databases provided up to 17% more identifications compared to databases with generic taxonomy, while the metagenomic database enabled a slight increment in respect to public databases. Then, database behavior in terms of false discovery rate and peptide degeneracy was critically evaluated. Public databases with generic taxonomy exhibited a markedly different trend compared to the counterparts. Finally, the reliability of taxonomic attribution according to the lowest common ancestor approach (using MEGAN and Unipept software) was assessed. The level of misassignments varied among the different databases, and specific thresholds based on the number of taxon-specific peptides were established to minimize false positives. This study confirms that database selection has a significant impact in metaproteomics, and provides critical indications for improving depth and reliability of metaproteomic results. Specifically, the use of iterative searches and of suitable filters for taxonomic assignments is proposed with the aim of increasing coverage and trustworthiness of metaproteomic data.
Fresh Pasta Manufactured with Fermented Whole Wheat Semolina: Physicochemical, Sensorial, and Nutritional Properties
(Foods editorial office, 2019-09-18) Fois, Simonetta; Campus, Marco; Piu, Piero Pasqualino; Siliani, Silvia; Sanna, Manuela; Roggio, Tonina; Catzeddu, Pasquale; Porto Conte Ricerche Srl
Fresh pasta (SP) was prepared by mixing semolina with liquid sourdough, whole wheat semolina based, and the effects of sourdough inclusion were evaluated against a control sample (CP) prepared using semolina and whole wheat semolina. Physicochemical, nutritional, and sensorial analyses were performed on pasteurized fresh pasta, before and after cooking. The optimum cooking time was not affected by whole wheat sourdough, whereas differences were found in color, firmness, and cooking loss. Changes of in vitro digested starch fractions in SP pasta were affected by a higher cooking loss. Overall, SP samples were characterized by improved nutraceutical features, namely higher content of free essential amino acids and phenolic compounds, lower phytic acid content, and higher antioxidant activity. Sensory analyses (acceptability and check-all-that-apply (CATA) tests) showed significantly higher scores for the SP, and the differences were enhanced when the consumers were informed about the product composition and how it was manufactured. Consumers checked for more positive sensory parameters for the SP than the CP.
Genotipizzazione ed espressione genica negli ovini
(2009-05) Porto Conte Ricerche
Il progetto è inserito all'interno del programma strategico "Biotecnologie applicate all'agroalimentare ed alla zootecnia". Esso ha come obiettivo l'acquisizione di profili genetici delle popolazioni ovine in Sardegna e la creazione di un database di genotipi e di espressione genica per gli studi di associazione con tratti clinici rilevanti.
Green chemistry: molecole bioattive da biomasse
(2007-02) Porto Conte Ricerche
Obiettivo del presente progetto è lo studio e la messa a punto di processi di estrazione mediante l’impiego di fluidi supercritici di molecole o classi molecolari, a partire da scarti di lavorazione o biomasse presenti nell’isola, da utilizzarsi in campo farmaceutico e/o alimentare come integratori. I risultati attesi possono essere così riassunti: messa a punto di protocolli di estrazioni; verifica della possibilità di ottenere molecole interessanti a partire da scarti di lavorazione; valutazione economica.
Green chemistry: molecole bioattive da biomasse. Relazione finale
(2010-07) Porto Conte Ricerche
Il report ha l'obiettivo di diffondere i risultati delle attività di ricerca svolta nell’ambito del progetto 'Molecole bioattive da biomasse mediante metodi di Green Chemistry. Risultati della sperimentazione', al quale ha partecipato un cluster di imprese ed enti di ricerca della Sardegna. L’attività progettuale ha riguardato le seguenti matrici: lentisco (Pistacia lentiscus) (sia foglie che bacche), salvia (Salvia desoleana) ed elicriso (Helicrisum spp), vinacce di uve Cagnulari (anni 2007 e 2008), sanse esauste da industria olearia provenienti da cultivars diverse (anni 2007 e 2008). La matrice che ha dato le migliori risposte, sia dal punto di vista costitutivo che per l’attività biologica, sono gli estratti provenienti dalle foglie di Pistacia lentiscus per le quali si è convenuto fosse importante valutare la risposta biologica anche in vivo.
Impact of three commercial feed formulations on farmed gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata, L.) metabolism as inferred from liver and blood serum proteomics
(BioMed Central, 2014-09-24) Ghisaura, Stefania; Anedda, Roberto; Pagnozzi, Daniela; Biosa, Grazia; Spada, Simona; Bonaglini, Elia; Cappuccinelli, Roberto; Roggio, Tonina; Uzzau, Sergio; Addis, Maria Filippa
Background: The zootechnical performance of three different commercial feeds and their impact on liver and serum proteins of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata, L.) were assessed in a 12 week feeding trial. The three feeds, named A, B, and C, were subjected to lipid and protein characterization by gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), respectively. Results: Feed B was higher in fish-derived lipids and proteins, while feeds C and A were higher in vegetable components, although the largest proportion of feed C proteins was represented by pig hemoglobin. According to biometric measurements, the feeds had significantly different impacts on fish growth, producing a higher average weight gain and a lower liver somatic index in feed B over feeds A and C, respectively. 2D DIGE/MS analysis of liver tissue and Ingenuity pathways analysis (IPA) highlighted differential changes in proteins involved in key metabolic pathways of liver, spanning carbohydrate, lipid, protein, and oxidative metabolism. In addition, serum proteomics revealed interesting changes in apolipoproteins, transferrin, warm temperature acclimation-related 65 kDa protein (Wap65), fibrinogen, F-type lectin, and alpha-1-antitrypsin. Conclusions: This study highlights the contribution of proteomics for understanding and improving the metabolic compatibility of feeds for marine aquaculture, and opens new perspectives for its monitoring with serological tests.
Impiego di alte pressioni idrostatiche per il prolungamento della shelf life di formaggi freschi
(2005-03) Porto Conte Ricerche
Lo scopo di questo progetto è stato quello di estendere la shelf life di un formaggio fresco, ottenuto con latte di pecora intero pastorizzato, applicando la tecnologia delle alte pressioni. Il trattamento di stabilizzazione con le alte pressioni, applicato ad un formaggio ovino fresco, ha consentito di estendere la sua shelf life dagli attuali 15 giorni ad oltre 45 giorni.
Impiego di tecniche di estrazione convenzionali e innovative per la valorizzazione di specie vegetali presenti in Sardegna
(2005-03) Porto Conte Ricerche
Il progetto pilota "Erbe officinali" è stato sviluppato per poter dare alle aziende del settore risposte riguardanti in particolare: la messa a punto delle condizioni di estrazione di oli essenziali in corrente di vapore e mediante l’impiego di anidride carbonica supercritica; il confronto fra le due tecniche di estrazione; la verifica della possibilità di estrazione di principi attivi da piante coltivate e spontanee e da scarti di produzione industriale mediante anidride carbonica supercritica.
Impiego di tecniche di estrazione convenzionali e innovative per la valorizzazione di specie vegetali presenti in Sardegna [relazione finale].
(2006-10) Porto Conte Ricerche
Il lavoro è consistito nella messa a punto delle condizioni di estrazione di oli essenziali da piante officinali autoctone sia in corrente di vapore che mediante l’impiego di anidride carbonica supercritica e nel confronto fra le due tecniche di estrazione; nella verifica della possibilità di estrazione di principi attivi da scarti di produzione agro-industriale mediante anidride carbonica supercritica. Sono stati confrontati in termini di caratteristiche qualitative e resa di estrazione oli essenziali ottenuti mediante distillazione in corrente di vapore.
Impiego di tecnologie di stabilizzazione convenzionali e innovative nella conservazione di prodotti alimentari. [Relazione finale]
(2006-12-29)
La presente relazione si inquadra nell’ambito delle attività previste dal Piano Operativo relativo al progetto pilota denominato “Stabilizzazione“, finalizzato al trasferimento tecnologico verso imprese di produzione e trasformazione di alimenti di origine vegetale e animale della regione Sardegna. La relazione ha lo scopo di evidenziare le problematiche emerse nel corso della sperimentazione e di informare le aziende sui risultati ottenuti. In particolare, nelle sperimentazioni di seguito descritte, sono stati trattati formaggi freschi, gonadi di ricci di mare, ravioli, insalate di mare, primi e secondi piatti pronti a base di carne e pesce, carciofi sott’olio, carciofi di IV e V gamma, prodotti ittici affumicati. I differenti prodotti sono stati raggruppati in funzione del trattamento stabilizzante applicato ovvero: 1. Trattamenti ad alte pressioni (High Pressure Processing - HPP); 2. Trattamenti termici convenzionali; 3. Trattamenti termici singoli o combinati con confezionamento in atmosfera protettiva (Modified Atmosphere Packaging - MAP) e refrigerazione; 4. Confezionamento in atmosfera protettiva (MAP) combinato con la refrigerazione; 5. Trattamenti di affumicatura. Il progetto nel suo complesso si è articolato nelle seguenti fasi: 1. Determinazione delle caratteristiche dei prodotti da trattare e dei processi di preparazione attuali; 2. Individuazione dei materiali e della tecnologia di confezionamento più idonei alla tecnica di stabilizzazione prescelta; 3. Messa a punto delle condizioni di stabilizzazione; 4. Verifica della stabilità microbiologica e qualitativa dei prodotti; 5. Training del personale delle imprese sulle tecnologie impiegate; 6. Tutoraggio e trasferimento; 7. Coordinamento e gestione.
Impiego di tecnologie di stabilizzazione innovative nella conservazione delle gonadi di ricci di mare
(2005-03) Porto Conte Ricerche
Per effettuare la conservazione dei prodotti alimentari è necessario ottenerne la stabilizzazione sia dal punto di vista microbiologico che enzimatico in modo da ottenere alimenti con prolungata shelf life. I processi di conservazione che vengono utilizzati tentano di cogliere due obiettivi: la sicurezza microbiologica e la salvaguardia delle caratteristiche sensoriali degli alimenti. Le alte pressioni idrostatiche (HPP) rappresentano una tecnologia innovativa di stabilizzazione. Questo trattamento di conservazione degli alimenti è in grado di eliminare dal prodotto forme microbiche potenzialmente pericolose per la salute umana e frenare la proliferazione di microflore e enzimi alteranti. Questa tecnologia è stata applicata nel trattamento delle gonadi dei ricci di mare e dei filetti di mare vacuum skin.
In Vivo and In Vitro Starch Digestibility of Fresh Pasta Produced Using Semolina‐Based or Wholemeal Semolina‐Based Liquid Sourdough
(MDPI, 2021-10-19) Fois, Simonetta; Piu, Piero Pasqualino; Sanna, Manuela; Roggio, Tonina; Catzeddu, Pasquale; Porto Conte Ricerche
The use of wholemeal flour and sourdough fermentation in different food matrices has received considerable attention in recent years due to its resulting health benefits. In this study, a semolina‐based and a wholemeal semolina‐based sourdough were prepared and added to the formulation of gnocchetti‐type fresh pasta. Four types of gnocchetti were made, using semolina plus semolina‐based sourdough (SS), semolina plus wholemeal semolina‐based sourdough (SWS), semolina alone (S), and semolina plus wholemeal semolina (WS). The latter two were used as controls. The digestibility of starch was studied both in vitro and in vivo, and the glycemic response (GR) and glycemic load (GL) were determined. Starch digestibility, both in vivo and in vitro, was higher in wholemeal semolina than semolina pasta and the resulting GR values (mg dL−1 min−1) were also higher (2209 and 2277 for WS and SWS; 1584 and 1553 for S and SS, respectively). The use of sourdough significantly reduced the rapidly digestible starch (RDS) content and increased the inaccessible digestible starch (IDS) content. The addition of sourdough to the formulation had no effect on the GR values, but led to a reduction of the GL of the pasta. These are the first data on the GR and GL of fresh pasta made with sourdough.
Influence of Moraxella sp. colonization on the kidney proteome of farmed gilthead sea breams (Sparus aurata, L.)
(BioMed Central, 2010-10-12) Addis, Maria Filippa; Cappuccinelli, Roberto; Tedde, Vittorio; Pagnozzi, Daniela; Viale, Iolanda; Meloni, Mauro; Salati, Fulvio; Roggio, Tonina; Uzzau, Sergio
Background: Currently, presence of Moraxella sp. in internal organs of fish is not considered detrimental for fish farming. However, bacterial colonization of internal organs can affect fish wellness and decrease growth rate, stress resistance, and immune response. Recently, there have been reports by farmers concerning slow growth, poor feed conversion, and low average weight increase of fish farmed in offshore floating sea cages, often associated with internal organ colonization by Moraxella sp. Therefore, presence of these opportunistic bacteria deserves further investigations for elucidating incidence and impact on fish metabolism. Results: A total of 960 gilthead sea breams (Sparus aurata, L.), collected along 17 months from four offshore sea cage plants and two natural lagoons in Sardinia, were subjected to routine microbiological examination of internal organs throughout the production cycle. Thirteen subjects (1.35%) were found positive for Moraxella sp. in the kidney (7), brain (3), eye (1), spleen (1), and perivisceral fat (1). In order to investigate the influence of Moraxella sp. colonization, positive and negative kidney samples were subjected to a differential proteomics study by means of 2-D PAGE and mass spectrometry. Interestingly, Moraxella sp. infected kidneys displayed a concerted upregulation of several mitochondrial enzymes compared to negative tissues, reinforcing previous observations following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge in fish. Conclusions: Presence of Moraxella sp. in farmed sea bream kidney is able to induce proteome alterations similar to those described following LPS challenge in other fish species. This study revealed that Moraxella sp. might be causing metabolic alterations in fish, and provided indications on proteins that could be investigated as markers of infection by Gram-negative bacteria within farming plants.

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